Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice Essay

Acquired AphasiaIntroductionAbstract The story describes aphasia in details and similarly the contends that are faced by the fails who suffer from aphasia. The paper to a fault describes slightly the decision maker pop offing and what it entail including the affinity mingled with productivity awaycomes and decision maker functions. The paper in addition highlights the challenges that aphasia patient roles face in their day to day lives. For instance, how these one-on-ones handle their occasional problems. The paper manoeuvers that these patients face a lot of challenges including discrimination since they are misinterpret by many the great unwashed. Also this paper shows how these patients can undergo therapy preaching as a way of improving their wrangle and also to be educated on how to cope and interact with some other people who do non give aphasia. Finally the paper describes the implications of this therapy sermon on aphasia patients. Aphasia refers to inclusion injustice and verbiage production which is usually led by misemploy in dustup constituent point hemisphere. Aphasia is a family of disorders involving varying impairment stratums in four fundamental areas speak verbiage comprehensionSpoken nomenclature expressionReading comprehension, andWritten expression An individual who pee aphasia usually deliver comparatively nonlinguistic cognitive skills which is intact want decision maker and memory function skills even though these and other cognitive discrepancies whitethorn co- total together with aphasia. Sensory deficits like visual and audile agnosia and visual field deficits whitethorn also be present (Bhagal et al, 2003). The subject of aphasia is challenging to predict imputable to the wide symptoms vari faculty. Aphasia settlement varies extensively from individual to individual depending on the brain insult severity and the lesion location. The indicator of the long- name rec everywherey which is easily predictable is initial aphasia severity together with lesion size of it and site. Other factors which are usually considered concerning prospect consist of the individuals breeding level, gender, age among other comorbidities (Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/ most-aphasia/who-gets-aphasia). When scrutinized properly, yet, these factors appear to be weak predictors of the degree of recovery. mind of aphasia is goal-oriented, organized appraisal of the variety of pragmatic, linguistic and cognitive components of linguistic intercourse. administrator function refers to the abilities and skills which enables individuals to achieve activities which are goal-directed. Prior to a head speck or traumatic brain, these abilities can be adversely affected (Simmons et al, 2010). decision maker Functioning and completing a deputeCompleting a occupation involves some steps as surveilsPlanning plan and/ or penetrative the steps for a specific activityInitiation initiating an acti vityDoing the task Executing the plans and at the same time ego regulate and self monitoring.Evaluating- checking the outcomes of your work.Changing and improving- checking slipway of simplifying the task next time and keeping international from any faultings. The above decision maker functions are used for all types of ordinary tasks like shop, laundry and cooking. In order to complete a task an individual must initiate each step, put in order, follow finished and as this continues adjusting and monitoring of actions should be done. Most individuals do these activities without planning or any thought. However, for a person who is suffering from a brain injury he or she whitethorn face a challenge while initiating the task in the initial place. Such individuals may non have a thought of going food shopping and doing the airstream even if their fridge is empty or thither is a freshet of laundry which is dirty, these clear cues may not initiate the thought action which mak es them shekels a plan of action (Dickey et al, 2010). People with acquired aphasia may start an activity however not have thought it through therefrom they make errors. A simple illustration would be going for shopping however forgets carrying a shopping list or wallet. Although this can also happen to any individual however it occurs more(prenominal)(prenominal) frequently if an individual have a brain injury. Individuals with acquired aphasia may not learn from former(prenominal) errors and they end up repeating similar mistakes over and over once more while they try accomplishing a task (Mesulam, 2001). An individual with aphasia usually pretermit insight into their own capabilities to execute tasks, even in a vitrine where individuals make suggestions which are corroborative. manipulation and rehabilitation usually involves executing systems and strategies to help individuals with administrator functioning difficultiesDaily organizers and plannersHome information cent re which take ons calendars, bankers bill boards etc.Reserve time each day purposed for planning go for a Dictaphone and timers for remindersUsing step by step checklists executive director director director functions and regulating thinking and behavior Another purpose of administrator functions is that they assist individuals to authority their behavior to respond and act properly. Problems with self regulation can result to vocalizations and impulsive behavior and may happen in numerous waysUttering in usurp statements or remarksDominating the conversation be rudeBeing unable to stay on topicContinuously talking about a particular subject With an aid of a duly subject language and language therapist some people with aphasia can be trained on picking up on a hearers seventh cranial nerve expressions or reactions thus realizing when they are making error in their communication. Recovery from aphasia may imply re-learning what facial expressions and social conventions s ignify, however it may imply just re-learning how to react appropriately to particular facial expression for instance, if a certain person say something and his or her communication partner seems to be shocked this may imply that the person have spoken a wrong thing (Hurkmans et al, 2012).Functional communication and executive function in aphasia Functional communication refers to the capability of receiving and conveying a message, in spite of the mode, to converse favoredly and independently in a particular environment. Broca and wernicke perceived language to be different from cognition where they argued that patients who have aphasia are cognitively integral however they deficits in their language. On the other hand, recent studies shows that cognitive impairments like fear, working memory and sequencing are have by individuals who have aphasia. Outcomes illustrates that diminished executive function capability may be linked to declined functional communication capability in individuals with aphasia. The executive function usually depends in communication success (Cherney et al, 2011). According to Davis et al (2004) functional communication and executive function ability are associated about in individuals with aphasia. Language impairment may not correlate eer with real like communication capability. Thus, executive function may be an ideal functional communication ability indicator (Davis, 2004). In a case where there is impairment of Executive function in aphasia patients, this may be due to the fact that functional communication capability is more impaired than what is indicated by severity of language impairments. dealinghip among executive functions and productivity outcomes following stroking, damage and rehabilitation This adopt shows the charter of assessing executive functions thoroughly in order to direct cognitive rehabilitation interventions as a result of a buffet. This is different from carrying out a cognitive screening incorpo rating merely one or two elements of executive functions. Additionally, the findings show that more comprehensive evaluation of executive functions may be delicious for younger people that have suffered from separatrix. The evaluation will establish their ability to return to productive tasks which include tailor rehabilitation and employment to declare oneself aid to needs consequently. Future research is suggested in order to study efficacy of surfacees which evaluate the interactive and separate influence of fundamental executive functions and cognitive processes. In addition, methodical assessment of rehabilitation drills to help vigilance of individuals of executive dysfunction in everydays life is recommended. Relations between semantic processing, short-term memory deficits and executive function Allen et al (2012) shows that semantic processing capabilities, semantic short-term memory deficits are exceedingly related to general or specific executive function deficits. A research was conducted involving a total of 20 patients with immediate memory deficits and aphasia were evaluated on reason of semantic processing, short -term retention and both simple and rigid executive function activities. The study found no evidence that semantic short-term memory deficits result due to deficits in executive function (Brady et al, 2012). Executive function tasks executing was found to relate with some semantic processing tasks carrying into action proposed that a relational combination function may bring about performance on both sorts of tasks. Correlation between some executive function activities and phonological STM was realized where phonological rehearsal and memory board play great post in executive function activities with verbal element (Engelter et al, 2006). Clinical repercussions for the elucidation of the executive function role in language-processing activities and the achievable contributions of executive function deficits and STM in tre atment regimes. Executive function capabilities depend on fundamental cognitive resources.Relational integration- role in discourse EF role in treatment of language deficits depends on aspect of language which is being treated. Found no relation between performance and semantic STM on complex and simple executive function activities (Pedersenet al, 1995). Instead they realized that executive function tasks and phonological STM were related in activities that had a verbal element recommends that performance in several executive function activities depends on rehearsing or maintaining phonological codes. Although semantic STM was unrelated to executive function capability, semantic processing tasks performance was connected to the executive function (Moxley, 2002). After the completion assessment stage, a plan for treatment is obtained from the outcomes of the assessments. Clinician must assess the form of treatment approach they will utilize. It has been investigated that early inter vention is more ideal compared to late intervention. The rudimentary goal in aphasia treatment is to improve functional communication so as to participate in tasks of daily living. The main goal of the patient is to recuperate enough language to carry on with their life commonly as possible (Faroqui-Shah et al, 2010).Treatment of executive function and language impairment based Approach This approach uses cognitive processing to find out the processes and components which have been fractioned as a result of brain damage. The approach also uses normal cognitive processing models to come up with the processes and components, which are damaged. Treatment is determined on basis of these outcomes. The approach argues that brain has ability of reorganizing and that re government activity is shaped directly by the environment. There is a perception that language and executive function will return as a successful treatment product (Teasell et al, 2011).Consequence Approach It is also kn own as social, functional, psychological, life participation approach. This approach targets the outcomes of life participation impairment and creates treatment goals on basis of these impairments. A therapist who uses consequence approach should dig out fully the limitations aphasia has on the life of an individual. The consequences approach influences values and principles which are separate it from impairment based approach (Hier et al, 1994). There is growing support for the concept that executive/attention function skills in people with aphasia are remediable. Moreover, there is a significant birth between functional communication and executive/attention function in individuals with aphasia. The outcomes recommend that treatment of executive/attention function in aphasia may lead to measurable variations in these skills and in the conversation communication success.ReferencesBhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & Speechley, M. (2003). Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. virgule, 34, 987-993.Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of arrogant Reviews, 5, CD000425.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & Raymer, A. (2011). Intensity of aphasia therapy Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based self-opinionated review Effects of intensity of treatment and constraint- bring forth language therapy for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. ASHAs guinea pig Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. Rockville, MD American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. gracious Rights Act of 1964 7, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq (1964).Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). Inci dence and write of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Physical treat and Rehabilitation, 91, 196-202.Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to archetypical ischemic stroke Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke, 37, 1379-1384Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for multilingual individuals with aphasia A domineering review of the evidence. ledger of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341.Framework for Outcome Measurement (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., & Sharp, S. (2008). find out what counts A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280.Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in th e stroke bank.Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167.Hurkmans, J., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (2012). melody in the treatment of neurological language and public lecture disorders A magisterial review. Aphasiology, 26, 1-19.Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2008). field of study clinical guidelines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom regal College of Physicians.Limited English Proficiency A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasiaMoxley, A. (2002, November 05). Make your grant count Igniting deepen through research. The ASHA Leader.Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams & W ilkins.Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary modern aphasia. register of Neurology, 49, 425-432.National Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.orgNational Institute of neurologic Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http//www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmNational Stroke Association. (2008). http//www.stroke.orgNational Stroke seat (2010). Clinical guidelines for slap-up stroke management 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author.Stroke instauration of overbold Zealand and unsanded Zealand Guidelines conference (2010). New Zealand Clinical Guidelines for Stroke counselling 2010.Wellington, New Zealand Stroke Foundation of New Zealand.Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666.Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia prognosis A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694.Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom Speechmark.Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). Application of the ICF in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253.Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication partner homework in aphasia A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1814-1837.Catalan Agency for health Technology Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain Author.Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comManagement of Stroke Rehabilitatio n Working company (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43.World wellness Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland Author.Bhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & Speechley, M. (2003). Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke, 34, 987-993.The hand reveals the significance of therapy. Intense therapy over a short time frame can improve outcomes of language and oral communication therapy for stroke patients suffering with aphasia.Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000425.The throw shows the evidence of appropriateness of SLT speech and language therapy to patients suffering from aphasia due to stroke in regard to improvement functional communication, expressive and clear lang uage.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & Raymer, A. (2011). Intensity of aphasia therapy Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569.The book emphasizes the need of find the intensity of treatment for any treatment program for aphasia. The intensity may vary depending on the specific stimuli, type of intervention and response compulsory by the patient.Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based systematic review Effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. ASHAs National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. Rockville, MD American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.The book explains the impact of intensity and constraint-induced language treatment to patients with aphasia induced by stroke.Civil Rights Act of 1964 7, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq (1964).The act outlines how people with disorders should n ot be discriminated against. The law prevents applicants and employees from discrimination in all terms, privileges and conditions of employment.Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.The book outlines the fundamental principles and approaches for assessment of six neurologically based disorders. all disorder reveals different order of revealing signs of communicative behaviors. The book emphasizes the need of placing the needs according to hierarchy in order to impose the appropriate treatment.Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 196-202.The book explains the factors that determine the incidents of stroke-induced aphasia. The book also highlights the clinical and demographic features for stroke patients with or without this disorder.Eng elter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke, 37, 1379-1384The book explains the family relationship between aphasia and first ischemic stroke. Cardioembolism and advanced age showed a positive relationship, where they have a great risk for this condition. Fluency and severity of aphasia were not influenced by demographic variable.Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingual individuals with aphasia A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341.The book is about managing of stroke induced aphasia in a cultural diverse world. There is an increased likelihood of bilingual patients due to the cultural diversity.Framework for Outcome Measurement (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-M ackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., & Sharp, S. (2008). find out what counts A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280.The book reveals the incidents of distinguishing of stroke-induced aphasia. The book explains how stroke patients are more pliable to this disorder.Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in the stroke bank.The book is about the relationship between gender and stroke-induced aphasia. Aphasia incidence is high in females than in males particularly to women with infarcts.Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167.The book explains the coordination between brain and language. The book reveals how organization of brain is vital for language.Hurkmans, J., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (2012). Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders A systematic review. Aphasi ology, 26, 1-19.The book explains the significance of music therapy in rehabilitation of speech disorders. Music is a common treatment of apraxia and aphasia of speech. Music usually stimulate brain functions associated to speech.Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2008). National clinical guidelines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom Royal College of Physicians.The book highlights the guidelines which intelligibly pop the question the necessary management skills for stroke patients. The guide contains the testimonials for language and speech therapy.Limited English Proficiency A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLEP. gov encourages a cooperative and positive projecting of the significance of language access to federally assisted and federal conducted programs.Lingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http//www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasiaThis site explains the factors that make people more everyday to aphasia. The most common cause is stroke while other symptoms include some neurological conditions, brain tumors, and head injuries. However, the disorder can occur to people of all age brackets, nationalities, races and genders.Moxley, A. (2002, November 05). Make your grant count Igniting change through research. The ASHA Leader.The article is about the report from an examination carried out between Spanish Latinos and English speakers. The English examination was administered to test their fluency.Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.The book reveals that there is a relationship between stroke-induced aphasia and ageing. Old people suffering from stroke are more susceptible to the condition.Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432.The b ook define primary progressive as a focal disorder characterized by gradual and disjointed disbanding of language function. The condition starts with anomia, proceeds to impair of grammatical structure in the long run difficulty in semantics.National Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.orgIts is a non-profit organization that praises research, national education, support and rehabilitation services to aphasia patient and their families.National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http//www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmClearly explains the causal effects of this disorder, the symptoms as well as the relationship between stroke and aphasia.National Stroke Association. (2008). http//www.stroke.orgIt is a non-profit organization that helps with research, education and services to the aphasia patients as well as their families.National Stroke Foundation (2010). Clinical guidelines for acute stroke man agement 2010. Melbourne, Australia Author.These guidelines explain the appropriate therapy for language and speech. They are guidelines to the clinicians for easy identification of the aphasia stage in order to rank appropriate treatment.Stroke Foundation of New Zealand and New Zealand Guidelines Group (2010). New Zealand Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010.Wellington, New Zealand Stroke Foundation of New Zealand.The network aims at enhancing the implementation of appropriate treatment in stoke care all over New Zealand by improving the expertise of stroke physicians as well as maximizing their effectiveness.Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666.The book explains the causes, determining factors and recovery methods of aphasia. Stroke is the study contributing factor.Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia prognosis A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694.The book recommends the recovery procedure for people suffering from post-stroke aphasia. prophetic factors are challenging due to their constant variability making prognosis of aphasia recuperation troublesome.Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA MIT Press.The book highlights the progressive stages starting with initial to the aphasia stage. It clearly explains aphasia as a communication disorder.Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom Speechmark.These guidelines provide the recommendation for the appropriate care attention to the aphasia patients. The guide explains suitable therapy for speech and language.Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). Application of the IC F in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253.This approach is used as a rehabilitation method to the people suffering from aphasia. It explains its effectiveness and how to understand the patient response after application of this method.Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication partner training in aphasia A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1814-1837.The book clearly outline different approaches towards aphasia recovery and treatment. The clinicians should be well endow with expertise to treat this disorder.Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain Author.These guidelines provide the recommendation for appropriate treatment for aphasia. The guide also provide the necessary therapy for speech and language.Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comHighlights different methods of dealing with this disorder. It poses difficult to prescribe appropriate treatment due to variability of this condition, thus doctors are necessitate to understand different methods of treatment.Management of Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43.There should be good management of people suffering from aphasia. Cultural diversity is one of the challenges. People should not be discriminated against due to condition, race, religion or any other factor.World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland Author.This is a non-profit organization that fights for the rights of people with disabilities. It not only provide support in terms of funding, but also in educating and advising aff ected people.Source document